American Historical Association

advising: dissertation, 49, 82, 90, 92-94, 97-100, 128-32, 135-36; teaching, 79, 127; undergraduate, 6, 58, 88. See also directors of graduate studies; mentoring

African Americans, 10, 13, 32, 33, 36

African diaspora, 54, 63, 122

African history, 10-11, 16, 52

amateur historians, 7

American Association for State and Local History, 105

American Historical Association, 3, 7-8, 12, 20, 25, 33, 59, 74, 78, 79, 92, 98, 109, 111, 113, 129, 130, 131, 135; accreditation of programs, 83; Ad Hoc Committee on Redefining Scholarly Work, 23; as information resource, 29, 64, 83-84, 104-6; Professional Division, 103, 105-6; as publisher, 81-82; recommendations to, 81, 83-86, 88, 102-6, 110. See also Committee on Graduate Education, American Historical Association

American Historical Review, 15, 19, 81, 110

American history. See U.S. history

American studies, as a field, 31, 32

Andrew W. Mellon Foundation, 81

annual review of graduate students, 72, 94

archives/archival administration, 55, 67, 75, 102

area studies, as a field, 55, 74

Arizona State University, 67, 79, 102

Asian Americans, 10, 13, 31, 32, 36, 115

Asian history, 10-12, 16, 52, 56, 61

assistantships. See under graduate students, history

Association of American Universities, 46

Atlantic World, as an area of specialization, 10, 14, 54, 63, 122

attrition and retention of graduate students, 84, 91, 95-96, 99, 135-38

audience for historical work, 4-5, 16, 23, 65-66, 77, 81, 101

Ayers, Edward, 75, 77

bachelor's degree. See undergraduate education

Becher, Tony, 4

Bloch, Marc, 16

Boston College, 79

Boyer, Ernest L., 23

Braudel, Fernand, 16

Burkhardt, Jacob, 16

business and industry: as employer, 3, 66, 98; as subject, 11

Bynum, Caroline Walker, 17, 60

careers in history: expectations, of students and faculty, 4-8, 19, 49, 67, 76, 78, 102, 111; paths, 19-25, 34, 49, 65-67, 79-80, 101-2, 124-26

Center for History and New Media (George Mason University), 77

chairs of history departments. See department chairs

Chronicle of Higher Education, 28, 48, 49, 73, 80, 97, 100, 101, 103, 105, 116

colleges and universities: as employers, 6-7, 20, 25; enrollment trends, 15, 21, 79, 101, 105; private, 34-43, 71, 73, 87, 112-13, 117, 136; public, 26, 34-43, 72-73, 79, 113, 116, 118, 132, 135. See also community colleges

Committee on Graduate Education, American Historical Association:

—for the period 1958-62, 6-7, 20, 94, 110, 129

—for the period 2001-3: consultations with fellow historians, 21, 65, 85, 111; recommendations, 46, 53-55, 57-58, 60, 63, 65-67, 69-72, 76, 80-81, 83, 85-106, 114; site visits, 42, 69, 85, 114, 119, 123, 131; survey of department chairs, 110-11; survey of directors of graduate studies, 30, 110-38; survey of graduate students, 68, 94, 116, 125; survey of public history employers, 5, 66

committees, graduate student service on, 90, 102, 135

community colleges, 3, 15, 61, 79-80, 98, 101, 105, 126

comparative history, 17, 45, 54, 57, 59, 61-62, 120-22

comprehensive examinations. See examinations

cosmopolitanism, 8, 10-12, 54-56, 87

Council of Graduate Schools, 21, 79

course credits and requirements, 30, 52-53, 88, 118-20, 127, 131

courses, 30, 52, 55; directed reading, 50, 87; in history, size of, 30, 119; introductory, 58-59; lectures, graduate students as instructors of, 29, 47, 59, 79, 119, 127; seminars, 53, 59, 99-102, 111, 118-19. See also field requirements

cultural history, 60-62, 120-21

debt among graduate students, 36, 42, 89, 117. See also doctoral degree, cost of; financial aid

degree requirements. See under doctoral programs, history

department chairs, 13, 65, 96, 110

departments. See department chairs; doctoral programs, history

DGS. See directors of graduate studies

diplomatic history, 10-11, 121

directors of graduate studies (DGS), 68-69, 92-93; duties of, 92-93, 96; responsibilities of, 94; survey of, 112-38

Directory of History Departments, Historical Organizations, and Historians, 83, 97, 105

dissertation, 99; advisors, 93, 99; financial support for, 71, 117, 118; prospectus, 53, 93; purpose, 23; research, 20, 55, 118; writing process, 99-100

diversity. See minorities; specialization: areas of; women

doctoral degree, cost of, 83, 89-90, 100, 116-18. See also debt among graduate students; financial aid

doctoral programs, history: admissions, 28-30, 48, 94-95, 115-16; alumni, 47, 93; best practices, 24, 46, 101, 109; course size, 30, 86-87, 119; culture, 47-49, 98-99; curriculum, 43-45, 47, 68, 72, 119; degree requirements, 19, 49-59, 86, 88, 118-20, 131, 137; goals, 30, 47-51; information that should be collected by, 29, 33, 64, 66, 72, 77, 83-84, 86-93, 97, 103-5, 109-10, 115, 118, 132, 136-37; origins and growth, 6-14; policies, 71, 79, 88, 96, 117, 129; recruitment of graduate students, 43, 70, 71, 91, 98, 105, 111, 116, 129; reductions in, 43-44, 46-47; regional coverage in, 72-73; research skills, emphasis on, 12, 19-24, 55, 62-63, 127, 129; self-examination, 46, 49-51; size of, 43-44, 50, 71-73, 86-87; standards, 23, 24, 30, 43, 47, 52, 68, 72, 104, 105; strategic planning, 47-48; support staff, 47, 68-69; teaching loads and conditions for faculty, 6, 29, 47, 55, 86-87. See also attrition and retention of graduate students; courses; doctoral degree, cost of; employment; field requirements; time to degree

doctoral students. See graduate students, history

economic history, 7, 11

economics, as a field, 28

education, as a field, 63

Education of Historians in the United States (1962), 6, 12, 20, 110

empiricism, as characteristic of history field, 4

employment: opportunities for graduate students, 20-23, 54; patterns, 4-7, 12, 17, 23, 54, 105; placement, 46, 89, 92, 97; preparation for, 20-23, 43, 50, 52, 53, 79, 80, 84, 88, 101, 114, 125

—academic: changes in, 6-11, 20, 25-28, 48, 124-27, 129; part-time/adjunct faculty, 12, 22, 26-27, 87; predicting future changes, 18, 25-29; preparing graduate students for, 13-15, 79, 97-98; supply and demand, 12-13, 25-29, 48, 124-27

—nonacademic, 50, 105; changes in, 124-27; lack of recognition in doctoral training, 6, 12-15, 105-6, 126-28; preparing graduate students for, 65-68, 92, 97-98, 102, 104, 126-28, 132. See also public history

English, as a field, 31, 32, 57, 111

enrollment trends, 6, 25, 28, 29, 36, 99, 116. See also colleges and universities; doctoral programs, history

ethics. See professional ethics

European history, 10-12, 17, 52, 73. See also medieval history

examinations, 51-55, 119-22, 128-29, 136. See also doctoral programs, history; master's degree in history; undergraduate education

exit interviews, 95, 137. See also attrition and retention of graduate students

expectations, creating sustainable, 7, 51-52, 68, 86, 124-28, 135

faculty, history: coverage of areas of specialization, 54-55; demographics, 6, 10, 12-13; responsibilities, 5, 12, 24, 86, 87, 93, 97; teaching loads, 6, 29, 47. See also advising; courses: in history, size of; employment: academic; leaves of absence by faculty members; mentoring

families of graduate students: as background characteristic, 13, 33-34; as impediment to degree completion, 99, 137; as source of support, 36, 71

fellowships. See financial aid

field requirements: examinations, 51-55, 119-22, 128-29, 136; major, 51-52, 54-56, 62-63, 89, 99, 119, 123; minor, 119, 123

fields of specialization. See specialization: areas of

financial aid, 42-43, 71-72, 84, 86, 88-90, 93, 115-18, 127; fellowships as a source of, 42, 71, 74, 87, 89, 91; teaching assistantships as a source of, 36, 42, 89, 91, 111, 127 See also doctoral degree, cost of; debt among graduate students

Florida International University, 123

Florida State University, 79

foreign languages: as a discipline, 51; funding for language training, 19, 57-58, 90, 118; proficiency requirements, 57-58, 111, 128

general examinations. See examinations

generational succession, 10, 25, 61, 85, 106

Golde, Chris M., 19-21, 67, 76, 78, 82, 94, 95, 102, 111, 125

Golden Age of the University (ca. 1945-75), 6-7

government: as an employer of historians, 3, 5, 50, 66, 68, 83, 98; as a source of support for Ph.D. training, 74, 102, 113

graduate deans. See administrations, college or university

graduate students, history: ability, perceptions, and assessments of, 93-94; admission, 30, 58, 68, 71, 72, 81, 90, 94, 115; career aims of, 13, 18-21, 32, 49, 97, 100-102; cohorts, size of, 25, 28, 71-72, 114-15; consulted for this study, 20; demographics, 30-36, 114-16; first-year doctoral students, 36, 42, 79; funding, 29, 36, 42, 47, 57, 58, 64, 71, 72, 74, 89, 90, 91, 106, 110, 113, 114, 117, 118, 129, 137; recruitment, 30, 41, 71, 88, 90-91, 115-16, 129; responsibilities, 79, 83, 97-98, 132; service on departmental committees, 49, 103, 135; socialization of, 82-83, 95-96, 102-3; as teaching assistants, 42-43, 46, 78, 89, 111, 127; unions, 73-74, 90. See also attrition and retention of graduate students; Committee on Graduate Education, American Historical Association; committees, graduate student service on; employment; families of graduate students; financial aid; teacher preparation; teaching, history

grievance procedures, 73, 96

Gutenberg-e Project, 81

Harvard University, 90

Harvey Goldberg Program for Excellence in Teaching (Ohio State University), 77

Hauss, Miriam E., 113

Hayes, Carleton J. H., 19

higher education. See colleges and universities

high schools, 3, 62-64. See also teacher preparation: for K-12

historians. See history

historical knowledge, production of, 3-4, 13-14, 23-24, 53, 62, 64, 111

historical societies, 3, 55, 66, 106

historical training, breadth of, 16-17, 54-58, 62-63

historiography, 12, 17, 66, 100, 118

history:

—as a career: areas of employment, 3, 5-7, 13, 15, 17, 20-23, 27, 34, 36, 43, 45, 50, 54, 57, 65, 86-87, 92, 97-101, 103, 105, 117, 126, 128; defined, 3-5; necessary skills, 18-25; tenure, 21-22, 70, 80-82. See also employment; historical knowledge, production of; history: as a profession

—as a discipline: areas of instruction and fields taught, 10-11, 42, 51-56, 58, 59, 61, 63, 70, 74-76, 80, 84, 87-89, 99, 103, 114, 119, 120-22, 128; changes in, 3, 56, 115, 130; community of, 7; defined, 4-5; fields and areas of specialization, 26, 51-59, 61-63, 65-66, 72-73, 75-77, 79-80, 82, 86, 88, 89, 94, 99, 101, 105, 111, 121-23, 137, 138; narrative, 4, 16-17, 23; narrowness of, 12-13, 20-21, 53, 56; prestige of, 45; scholarship, 23-24, 75; specialization, 13, 21, 22, 62, 129; teleological history, 16-17. See also history: as a career; history: as a profession; research

—as a profession: core skills, 19-25, 51-53; defined, 3-5; demographics of, 4-10; growth, 8-10, 16-17; public mission, 3-5, 7; skills, 18-25; unity of, 8, 10, 64-68, 98-100; working conditions, 5, 68, 73, 104. See also history: as a career; history: as a discipline

history departments and programs, 108, 169, 196. See also department chairs; directors of graduate studies

H-Net: Humanities and Social Sciences OnLine, 75, 105

Hofstadter, Richard, 23, 60

Howard University, 79

humanities, 27, 28, 32, 77, 86, 109; vs. social sciences, 5, 17-18. See also liberal arts

Hunt, Lynn, 123

independent study, 118-19

Institute for Advanced Technology in the Humanities (University of Virginia), 77

intellectual community, 47, 79, 90, 98-100

intellectual history, 11

interdisciplinarity, 45, 59-61, 74, 84, 111, 120

Internet, the, 75-76, 80-81, 96, 104, 120, 123-24, 131. See also new media/technologies

interviews: as part of admissions process, 71-72; preparation of Ph.D. candidates for job market, 98, 106, 128. See also exit interviews

introductory courses, 58-59

Jencks, Christopher, 6

job market. See employment

Johns Hopkins University, 6

joint (multi-institution) programs, 55

Journal of American History, 11

junior colleges. See community colleges

Kalamazoo College, 80

Krout, John, 138

K-12 teaching. See teacher preparation: for K-12

language requirements. See foreign languages

Latin American history, 10-12, 52

Latinos/Latinas, 10, 13, 31-32, 36, 48, 115

leaves of absence by faculty members, 84, 88, 110

liberal arts, 48

library resources, 55, 57, 84

literature, as a discipline, 31, 80

loans to graduate students. See debt among graduate students

localism, 24, 43

major field. See field requirements

majors, history. See undergraduate education

Marxism, 16, 60

master's degree in history: relation to doctoral degrees, 72; types, 5, 84, 89, 110, 112; uses, 29, 66, 76, 92

McNeill, William H., 16

medieval history, 60

Mellon Foundation. See Andrew W. Mellon Foundation

Menand, Louis, 6

Meneely, A. Howard, 129

mentoring, 46, 49, 55, 82-83, 93, 96, 99, 101, 129, 132, 137; emphasis on research, 12-13. See also advising

methodology, historical, 8, 10. See also introductory courses

Middle Eastern history, 10-12, 56

military history, 121

minorities, 13, 31-33, 71-72, 129, 136. See also African Americans; Asian Americans; Latinos/Latinas; Native Americans; women

mission statements, 49-51

Modern Language Association, 7, 50, 80, 100

monographs: production, 10, 25, 26, 27, 28, 34, 43, 71, 102, 116, 129; role in tenure and promotion, 80-82. See also publication, emphasis on

museums, 3-4, 70-71, 104, 106; as career goal for historians, 50, 65-68, 83, 103; role in graduate education, 55, 102. See also public history

National Center for History in the Schools (University of California at Los Angeles), 64

National Council on Public History, 105

National Research Council: ranking of programs, 17, 29, 43, 57, 109, 112, 115, 136; Survey of Earned Doctorates, 33, 109

nation-state, as a historical category, 14, 16-17, 52. See also transnational history

Native Americans, 10, 13, 32, 36, 115

new media/technologies, 66, 75-77, 80-81, 118, 124. See also Internet, the

New York University, 87

Nietzsche, Friedrich, 16

nonacademic employment. See under employment

nonprofit organizations as employers, 5, 66-67, 98

Northeastern University, 62, 123

Oberlin College, 80

objectivity, 15-16

Ohio State University, 77

Organization of American Historians, 63, 105

part-time/adjunct faculty. See under employment: academic

Perkins, Dexter, 6, 12, 19, 20, 21, 36, 42, 52, 54, 56, 78, 94, 110, 129

Perspectives (AHA newsletter), 12, 97, 104, 105, 123

Pew Charitable Trusts, 19-21, 67

Ph.D. candidates. See doctoral programs, history; graduate students, history

Ph.D. programs, history. See doctoral programs, history

Ph.D. training. See doctoral programs, history

Ph.D.'s, history, 3, 6-7, 10-13, 22, 25-28, 31-34, 42-43, 46, 56-57, 78-80, 83, 86-87, 89-90, 111-12, 117-18, 124-26; in colleges, 3; placement of, 43, 46, 67, 84, 87, 92, 93, 97, 98, 105, 110, 125, 126; production of, 22, 25-43, 46; in public history, 65, 66, 67, 76, 112; purpose of, 18-25. See also employment

placement. See employment

political history, 11

political science, as a field, 32

postdoctoral appointments, 87, 97, 126

preparation for teaching. See doctoral programs, history: teaching loads and conditions for faculty; teacher preparation

Preparing Future Faculty (PFF). See under teacher preparation

prestige: institutional, 13, 29, 47; program, 13, 20, 51, 130

Princeton University, 59, 87

productivity, measures of, 7, 70

professional ethics, 21, 70, 73-74, 90, 102-4, 106

professionalization/professionalism, 4-5, 47, 69-70, 123

prospectus. See under dissertation

publication, emphasis on, 7, 80. See also monographs

public engagement by historians, 6-7

public history, 6, 14, 65-68, 76, 90; as an area of employment, 98, 104-5; specialized training programs in, 101-2, 104. See also employment: nonacademic; government; museums; nonprofit organizations as employers

public opinion, effect on history, 3, 7, 10, 16

qualifying examinations. See examinations

race. See minorities

recruitment of graduate students. See under doctoral programs, history

religion, history of, 11, 60

research: emphasized as a training goal, 6, 14-15, 19-25, 46, 62, 127, 129; training for, 6-7, 50, 55, 66, 73-74

retention. See attrition and retention of graduate students

Riesman, David, 6

Rosenzweig, Roy, 7, 75, 77

sabbaticals. See leaves of absence by faculty members

secondary schools: preparation for employment in, 8, 50-51, 63, 126; quality of history teaching in, 3, 61, 63-64

Snell, John L., 6, 12, 19, 20, 21, 36, 42, 52, 54, 56, 78, 94, 110, 129

social history, 11, 18, 120

social sciences, 17-18, 28

Society for Historians in the Federal Government, 105

Society of American Archivists, 105

sociology, as a field, 32

specialization. See history: as a discipline

—areas of: expansion of, 10-14, 58-59, 121-22; number needed, 54-57, 74, 86-87, 94, 137

Stanford University, 21, 69, 78, 101

Stewart, Debra, 21

stipends. See financial aid

Stone, Lawrence, 59

student attrition. See attrition and retention of graduate students

Survey of Earned Doctorates, 33, 109

survey results: department chairs, 106, 112; graduate students, 96, 138, 172, 186; public history employers, 5, 93

teacher preparation, 19-20; for K-12, 3, 5, 23, 61, 63, 64, 77, 126, 100-101; Preparing Future Faculty (PFF), 21, 67, 78, 79, 80, 101. See also doctoral programs, history: teaching loads and conditions for faculty; historical knowledge, production of; secondary schools; teaching, history

teaching, history: as a career goal of graduate students, 3, 6, 15, 21, 62, 64, 76, 77, 78, 79, 86, 100, 105, 111, 126; preparation for, 43, 50, 52, 53, 79, 80, 84, 88, 101, 114, 125. See also courses: in history, size of

teaching loads, 6, 124. See also under doctoral programs, history; faculty, history

technology. See new media/technologies

thematic history, approaches to, 17, 45

time to degree, 29, 84, 89, 129, 136

transnational history, 17, 45. See also nation-state, as a historical category

travel funding, 57, 69, 90, 91, 118

undergraduate education: enrollment, 6; history majors, 3, 25, 72; needed improvements in, 48; sources of doctoral students, 36-42, 44

University of California at Berkeley, 90

University of Chicago, 87

University of Hawai'i, 62

University of Michigan, 69, 73, 74, 80

University of South Carolina, 104

University of Virginia, 77

University of Wisconsin at Madison, 73

U.S. Department of Education, 42, 64, 109

U.S. history, 7, 12, 13, 14, 52, 60, 70, 73, 103, 105, 109, 110, 111, 118

U.S. News and World Report, 51

Wisconsin Center for Education Research, 19, 125

women, 13, 111; as history graduate students, 31, 36; Ph.D.'s earned by, 23, 29; as professional historians, 25, 31-32

women's history, 11

world history, 6, 8, 14, 29, 51, 54, 61-63, 65, 76, 121-22

writing: as part of historical practice, 4-5; training graduate students in, 15, 65

Last Updated: May 11, 2007