Awards for Scholarly Distinction

In 1984 the Council of the AHA established the American Historical Association Award for Scholarly Distinction. Each year a nominating jury recommends to the Council up to three names for the award. The Council then selects up to three names from the list presented. Nominees are senior historians of the highest distinction in the historical profession who have spent the bulk of their professional careers in the United States. Previous awards have gone to Nettie Lee Benson, Woodrow Borah, Angie Debo, Helen G. Edmonds, Felix Gilbert, John W. Hall, H. Stuart Hughes, Margaret Atwood Judson, George F. Kennan, Paul Oskar Kristeller, Gerhart B. Ladner, Gerda Lerner, Edmund Morgan, George L. Mosse, H. Leon Prather Sr., Benjamin Quarles, Edwin O. Reischauer, Nicholas V. Riasanovsky, Caroline Robbins, Carl E. Schorske, Kenneth M. Setton, Kenneth M. Stampp, Chester E. Starr, Barbara and Stanley Stein, Lawrence Stone, Merze Tate, Emma Lou Thornbrough, Brian Tierney, and George R. Woolfolk.

Joining this distinguished list are Alfred D. Chandler Jr. (Harvard Univ.); August Meier, (Kent State Univ.); and Benjamin I. Schwartz (Harvard Univ.). President-elect Joseph C. Miller read the following citations at the general meeting.

Alfred D. Chandler Jr.

"Alfred D. Chandler Jr., professor emeritus at Harvard University, is the world's foremost business historian. After graduating from Harvard in 1940, Chandler spent five years in the U.S. Navy. He earned a master's degree at the University of North Carolina immediately after World War II, and then returned to Harvard, where he received a PhD in history in 1952. His outside field was sociology, and he was greatly influenced by Max Weber's work on bureaucratic rationality and by the 'structural-functional' methodology of Talcott Parsons. Chandler was also involved in the activities of the Research Center in Entrepreneurial History that thrived at the Harvard Business School in the late 1940s and early 1950s. He taught at MIT from 1951 to 1963 and at Johns Hopkins from 1963 to 1971. The Harvard Business School appointed him Straus Professor of Business History in 1971, and Chandler held that prestigious chair until the mid-1990s.

"Over the last half century, Chandler's numerous publications have defined the field: he is universally acknowledged as the 'dean' of business history. Indeed, his reputation is so great that, in some quarters, his name is virtually synonymous with the field itself. Chandler is linked to business history in much the same way that Frederick Jackson Turner led and mirrored the field of frontier history. Because of Chandler's enormous impact on the direction of modern scholarship, the descriptive adjective 'Chandlerian' long ago entered the lexicon of every economic and business historian, as well as the vocabulary of many members of related disciplines. In some intellectual circles, Chandler is now ranked with Adam Smith, Karl Marx, Max Weber, and John Maynard Keynes as an original thinker and a scholar whose contributions have shaped the work of subsequent cadres of researchers.

"The first important book that Chandler published was Strategy and Structure: Chapters in the History of the Industrial Enterprise with MIT Press in 1962. Drawing on his knowledge of sociology, the author was able to analyze from a fresh perspective the circumstances that led managers of the nation's largest business enterprises to alter significantly their administrative structures. Chandler discovered a new pattern. When modern firms broadened their product lines, the organizing principles that had functioned so well in the 19th century quickly became obsolete. Beginning in the 1920s, corporate leaders like DuPont and General Motors adopted a decentralized management structure that was more in harmony with the strategy of product diversification.

"Chandler's work shifted the direction of historical research dramatically. In the first half of the 20th century, business historians had tended to focus on competitive externalities, but Chandler, in marked contrast, probed the myriad internal factors that shaped decisionmaking. In his Pulitzer Prize-winning The Visible Hand, published in 1977, the author traced the evolution of management structures from the coming of railroads to the emergence of giant industrial enterprises. Whereas Adam Smith had emphasized the 'invisible hand' of outside market forces in the allocation of goods and services within the economy, Chandler argued that large business units were prone to internalize transactions in an effort to speed the processes of production and distribution. In Scale and Scope, published in 1988, Chandler broadened his horizon even further, providing readers with a comparative study of management systems in Great Britain, Germany, and the United States in the modern era.

"In addition to his work in business history, Chandler was engaged during his years at Johns Hopkins in editing the papers of Dwight David Eisenhower, the general who coordinated allied military strategy during World War II and was later elected president of the United States. As editor, Chandler discovered that Eisenhower's organizational duties as supreme commander had much in common with the functions performed by modern business executives. The impressive series of documentary volumes that he launched is now approaching a conclusion, with 17 superb source books already in print.

"As a director of doctoral dissertations, Chandler supervised the work of a number of students who have gone on to successful academic careers, among them William Becker, Charles Cheape, Richard John, Harold Livesay, Edwin Perkins, Glenn Porter, David Sicilia, and Mary Yeager. He also mentored many other scholars, including Thomas Hughes and Louis Galambos. In retirement, Chandler has remained active in scholarly pursuits. His latest project, which is nearly complete, is a book manuscript tentatively entitled Paths of Learning: The Evolution of High Technology Industries.

"Today, as some researchers speak of business history entering a new 'post-Chandler' phase, we can see clearly how this remarkable scholar has both dominated and advanced the field over the past three decades. We are all indebted to him for his pathbreaking contributions to our discipline and to other disciplines—including economics, sociology, and political science—that have been influenced by his innovative and meticulous scholarship."

August Meier

"Since the pioneering work of Carter G. Woodson and the establishment of the Journal of Negro History in 1915, no historian has influenced the study of African American history more broadly than August Meier, whose revised dissertation, Negro Thought in America, 1880–1915, published in 1963, reinvigorated a relatively dormant field. In subsequent books, often written in collaboration with his colleague Elliott Rudwick, Meier applied to the institutions and leaders of 20th-century America the same rigorous social and intellectual analysis he first applied to the post-Civil War generations of black professionals and businessmen.

"If those scholarly works influenced primarily his fellow teachers and writers, Meier neglected neither students nor general readers. In 1966 his and Rudwick's From Plantation to Ghetto became at once one of the two standard texts for the black history courses then proliferating in colleges and universities. Thereafter, with several collaborators, he edited various collections of primary documents to make the African American voices of the 19th and 20th centuries readily accessible.

"In addition to his own publications, Meier has been a stern but immensely helpful godfather to the authors he recruited for his two series, Athenaeum's Studies in American Negro Life and the University of Illinois Press series Blacks in the New World. While both series reprinted early classics and previously published monographs, it was Meier's combination of demanding criticism and generous aid to the authors of books aborning that gave most abundantly to the historical profession as such. In both editing and teaching, so John Bracey, his onetime student and frequent collaborator, has observed, Meier's bibliographic references seemed prescriptions for 'lifelong learning' while his performance standards demanded solid command of substance and eschewed 'speculations and flights of fancy.'

"Yet Meier existed in no ivory tower. He has been a public intellectual as well, one whose timely essays in magazines for the general reader extended his analyses of current issues well beyond a historically oriented readership. But whatever his audience and however passionate his commitment to racial equality and civil rights, his writing has steadily avoided polemical distortions and waffling conclusions. It was no mere coincidence that the Southern Historical Association, whose meetings in segregated facilities Meier successfully challenged in 1960, elected him its 1992 president.

"The American Historical Association is honored to present its Award for Scholarly Distinction to August Meier."

Benjamin I. Schwartz

"The range of Benjamin I. Schwartz's interests has inspired generations of students and teachers. Currently professor emeritus at Harvard University, Schwartz began his career there with a bachelor's degree in romance languages and literatures and a master's in education. He became a cryptanalyst in the U.S. Signal Corps during the war and a newspaper censorship officer in occupied Japan until his discharge as captain in 1946. Only then did he begin his academic studies of the Far East, taking a PhD in history and Far Eastern languages at Harvard in 1950, and joining the faculty in the departments of history and government, where from 1975 he held the Leroy B. Williams Chair in History and Political Science.

"Benjamin Schwartz's research and writings reflect an engagement in the issues of the present grounded in a deep sensitivity to the complexity of the past and present, West and East. In Chinese Communism and the Rise of Mao (1951), he documented the emergence of an indigenous Chinese revolutionary strategy distinct from the Comintern's, and in a pioneering study of Ch'en Tu-hsiu he showed how faith in a Western model of modernity was transmuted into a commitment to a Marxist path to the future. Tracing the formation of the Western model, In Search of Wealth and Power: Yen Fu and the West (1964) showed how the translator of Spencer, Mill, and Montesquieu could not only bend their ideas to the uses of Chinese nationalism, but also illuminate for us the Faustian spirit at work in the power of liberalism. That the Other, in the person of Yen Fu, could teach us something about ourselves, vindicated Schwartz's abiding aversion to monolithic and simplistic dichotomizations, categorizations, and periodizations. And yet, he argued, if civilizations share common problems, they approach them with different orientations, the early stages of which he proceeded to explore in his monumental World of Thought in Ancient China (1985). At the same time, Schwartz has continued to illuminate the worlds of Chinese and comparative scholarship with brilliant commentary on subjects as diverse as the role of disciplines and area studies, Hannah Arendt, the Red Guards, and the prospects for post-Tiananmen China.

"His students and colleagues are deeply indebted to Benjamin Schwartz for the breadth of perspective and relentless insistence on the complexities of reality which he has brought to the expanding field of Chinese history. The Association is honored to present him with the Award for Scholarly Distinction."

Beveridge Family Teaching Award

Established in 1995, this prize honors the Beveridge family's longstanding commitment to the AHA and to K–12 teaching. Friends and family members endowed this award to recognize excellence and innovation in elementary, middle, and secondary school history teaching, including career contributions and specific initiatives. The honoree(s) can be recognized either for individual excellence in teaching or for an innovative initiative applicable to the entire field. It is offered on a two-cycle rotation: in even-numbered years, to an individual; in odd-numbered years, to a group. The prize was first offered in 1996, and in 1997 was given to a group of teachers.

Miller announced that the second award would be given to Marathon County History Teaching Alliance of Wausau, Wisconsin. The Committee on Teaching Prizes cited the alliance "as an outstanding collaborative professional development program designed by local teachers and university faculty to enhance student learning by improving social studies instruction. During its 12-year history, it has created a truly regional learning community that involves 18 to 24 teachers annually in planning and presenting programs aimed at using recent scholarship to enrich secondary curriculum and instruction. The alliance brings recognized scholars in various historical fields together with secondary teachers in summer institutes and academic year seminars. The results have included significant curriculum enhancements, continuing professional development for teachers in the region, and praise from national leaders in the field of history education."

William Gilbert Award

Named in memory of William Gilbert, a longtime AHA member and distinguished scholar-teacher at the University of Kansas, this biennial award recognizes outstanding contributions to the teaching of history through the publication of journal and serial articles. Eligible for consideration are articles written by members of the AHA and published in the United States during the previous two years. Journals, magazines, and other serials that publish works on the teaching of history, including methodology and theory of pedagogy, are also eligible to submit nominations.

Miller announced that the recipient of the second William Gilbert Award was Susan L. Speaker for "Getting Started: Using the Time Machine to Teach History," published in the August 1995 issue of The History Teacher.

"This intelligent and well-written article presents an excellent example of an increasingly popular (but difficult to execute) strategy for teaching social history. For her history of medicine class the author developed a series of simulations that require students to react to a variety of hypothetical historical situations. None of these exercises requires elaborate teaching aids and all focus on important issues in the history of medicine and its social context. What distinguishes her account of this technique is the clarity of its exposition, the creativity and vividness of the hypothetical constructs, and the soundness and practicality of the advice to potential users of this technique."

John E. O'Connor Film Award

In recognition of his exceptional role as a pioneer in both teaching and research regarding film and history, the American Historical Association established this award in honor of John E. O'Connor of the New Jersey Institute of Technology and Rutgers University. The award seeks to recognize outstanding interpretations of history through the medium of film or video. Essential elements are stimulation of thought, imaginative use of the media, effective presentation of information and ideas, sensitivity to modern scholarship, and accuracy. The production should encourage viewers to ask questions about historical interpretations as well as to make a contribution to the understanding of history.

The fifth O'Connor Award was presented to A World Inscribed, a documentary about medieval manuscripts and the scribes and illuminators who produced them. The film was written, directed, and produced by Kathleen McDonough, San Rafael, California. Miller read the committee's citation:

"This remarkable film about medieval manuscripts and their scribes brings to life a vital chapter of Western history. Despite the difficulty of evoking the Middle Ages on screen, the producers have succeeded in conveying—briefly, elegantly, wittily, and cogently—the human and cultural dimensions of the age of scribes and also of the transition to print. It is a film that both students and general audiences will find absorbing and illuminating."

Nancy Lyman Roelker Mentorship Award

In recognition of Nancy Lyman Roelker's role as a teacher, scholar, and committee member of the historical profession, and on the occasion of her 75th birthday, friends, colleagues, and former students established the Nancy Lyman Roelker Mentorship Award. The annual award recognizes and encourages a special quality exemplified by Professor Roelker through the human component in her teaching of history.

Mentoring should encompass not only a belief in the value of the study of history but also a commitment to and a love of teaching it to students regardless of age or career goals. Advising is an essential component, but it also combines a consistent personal commitment by the mentor to the student as a person. Offering a human alternative, frequently in quiet and unacknowledged ways, mentors like Professor Roelker believe that the essence of history lies in its human scope. With this award, the American Historical Association attests to the special role of mentors to the future of the historical profession.

Nominations for the 1997 prize were for the K–12 level. Miller read the following citation:

"The Nancy Lyman Roelker Mentorship Award was established to honor teachers of history who taught, guided, and inspired their students in a way that changed their lives. The award is given on a three-cycle rotation to graduate, undergraduate, and secondary school teacher-mentors. Mentor ing is an important part of the history discipline because it inspires students to pursue the field of history, provides them with the necessary guidance to become productive and fulfilled scholars and teachers in the field, and fosters a continuing tradition of excellence in the historical discipline.

"Thea G. Glicksman of Okemos High School in Okemos, Michigan, is esteemed and respected by students, parents, and colleagues as a dynamic classroom teacher-educator and selfless mentor. As one student noted, 'to her, the kids are the most important, for they are her motivation to get up in the morning and the reason for her dedicating nearly 20 years to bettering education as a whole.' The commitment to fostering student growth and development stems from Ms. Glicksman's ability to allow her students 'access to her at any time of the day to enhance the "A" student's knowledge and understanding, or to work with the remedial student who is especially challenged.' 'She has a deep concern for all her students, and would like to see every one of them succeed not only in her class but in life also.'

"As the sixth recipient of the Nancy Lyman Roelker Mentorship Award, Thea G. Glicksman's teaching career exemplifies the tenets of mentorship including the ability to inspire, counsel, and nurture student personal and academic growth and development."

Honorary Foreign Member

At its second annual meeting in Saratoga in 1885, the newly appointed Committee on Nominations for Honorary Membership introduced a resolution, which was adopted, that appointed Leopold von Ranke as the first honorary foreign member. In the intervening 113 years, only 81 individuals have been so honored. Previously selected biennially, honorees are now selected annually, awarding a foreign scholar who is distinguished in his or her field and who has "notably aided the work of American historians."

Miller announced the addition of David Ayalon, professor emeritus of Hebrew University of Jerusalem. "David Ayalon is one of the few scholars who can be regarded as a founder of his field. He was trained as a specialist in medieval Middle East history and quickly established an expertise in the fields of 13th- to 16th-century eastern Mediterranean history. In particular, he began a lifelong study of the unusual Islamic institution of military slavery most often known by the name Mamluk. Prior to the appearance of his pathbreaking articles on this institution in medieval Egypt and elsewhere in the Islamic world, it was widely regarded as a peculiar phenomenon of only marginal interest. Professor Ayalon set out, literally, to examine everything available, either in print or in manuscript. He recognized quite early that no credible analysis could be attempted until a foundation of accurate definitions had been completed. Every article or book which touches on any aspect of Mamluks refers to the scholarly contributions of David Ayalon.

"One measure of Dr. Ayalon's value to the profession is the frequency with which scholars in other countries seek him out and find him helpful. Following his retirement in 1983 after a long and distinguished career at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, he has remained vigorously engaged in his discipline and professional community. He has frequently visited U.S. colleges and universities, generously sharing his time with faculty and students alike. In supporting Professor Ayalon's nomination, colleagues state that he has 'created a field' and that 'his work is a foundation stone for my own, and I think most Middle East historians are equally indebted to him.' And 'Professor Ayalon is the doyen of Israeli scholars of the Middle East. Two generations of Israelis and many Americans have learned their craft from his teaching.'

"The American Historical Association is honored to acknowledge Professor Ayalon's role in the international community of scholars by selecting him as the Honorary Foreign Member for 1997."

1997 Book Awards

At the 1998 annual meeting in Seattle, the following prizes were announced. The committee's citations are recorded below.

Herbert Baxter Adams Prize

Pieter M. Judson (Swarthmore Coll.) for Exclusive Revolutionaries: Liberal Politics, Social Experience, and National Identity in the Austrian Empire, 1848–1914 (University of Michigan Press, 1996). Pieter Judson has written a meticulously researched account of the evolution of liberal politics in the Austrian Empire from 1848 to the outbreak of World War I. Based on the extensive documentation from the Austrian State Archive and the Haus-, Hof-, und Staatsarchiv, as well as from regional and city archives, this study does for Austria what previous studies have done for Germany. The argument throughout is sophisticated and nuanced. Judson sees the liberals not as a monolithic group but rather as a polyglot collection divided by as many issues as united them. Judson situates the liberals within the empire's political process, in regard to the nationality issue and to the many attempts at social and economic reform. Judson's main argument that the process of fragmentation actually strengthened the German-speaking middle classes in maintaining their grip on power is at once original and challenging to previous scholarship and should stimulate discussion for some time to come.

George Louis Beer Prize

Vojtech Mastny (Inst. for Advanced Studies in the Humanities, Essen, Germany) for The Cold War and Soviet Insecurity: The Stalin Years (Oxford University Press, 1996). Vojtech Mastny's impressive new work is the first major study to integrate documentation recently made available from Soviet archives with material from Western sources. A worthy sequel to the author's acclaimed earlier work, Russia's Road to the Cold War (1979), this book presents a balanced analysis of the complex relationship between the Soviet Union and the West following World War II. It transcends the earlier simplisms of both standard Cold War and "revisionist" accounts to provide a penetrating treatment of motivations, policies, and outcomes, greatly improving our understanding of Soviet diplomacy during Stalin's final decade.

Albert J. Beveridge Award

William B. Taylor (Southern Methodist Univ.) for Magistrates of the Sacred: Priests and Parishioners in Eighteenth-Century Mexico (Stanford University Press, 1996). This masterful work inaugurates a new era in the study of church-state relations in late colonial Mexico as social history. Taylor's study ranges from the details of everyday parochial life to diocesan and archdiocesan politics with an ease of conceptual vision. His work has implications far beyond late 18th-century Mexico.

James Henry Breasted Prize

Amelie Kuhrt (University Coll., London) for The Ancient Near East, c. 3000–330 B.C., 2 vols. (Routledge, 1995). The enormous breadth and depth of Amelie Kuhrt's work, her ability to elucidate even the most confused periods and deftly to incorporate both source problems and scholarly disagreements in her text, and her lucid prose make this volume a pleasure to read. Her copious illustrations, both traditional visual images and translations of original ancient texts, and her extensive and up-to-date bibliography enhance the book's value for student and scholar alike. With this volume, she has expanded the parameters of the field of world history.

John H. Dunning Prize

Kathleen M. Brown (Univ. of Pennsylvania) for Good Wives, Nasty Wenches, and Anxious Patriarchs: Gender, Race, and Power in Colonial Virginia (University of North Carolina Press for the Omohundro Institute of Early American History and Culture, 1996). In this imaginative study, Kathleen Brown rereads colonial Virginia history from the perspective of gender. She examines the role of gender in creating racial slavery and traces the intensification of patriarchal forms in gentry family life, colonial culture, law, and politics. By the mid-18th century, Brown demonstrates, discourses of race and gender intertwined to sustain the political and social authority of the planter elite. Extensively researched and theoretically sophisticated, Good Wives, Nasty Wenches, and Anxious Patriarchs transforms our understanding of gender, patriarchy, race, slavery, and power in colonial Virginia.

John K. Fairbank Prize

Paul A. Cohen (Wellesley Coll.) for History in Three Keys: The Boxers as Event, Experience, and Myth (Columbia University Press, 1997). This work is a fine example of a study that pushes historians beyond an event as a singular object of study. It challenges us to recognize the multiple voices within an event as well as the changing meaning of historical facts. In this sense, his study has many temporalities: the synchronic time of the Boxer rebellion, the changing historicity of the event, and the times of historians. Moreover, these layers are combined in an impressive craftsmanship—judicious interweaving of analysis with data and, above all, a graceful writing style—that reminds us of an earlier goal of history as both art and science.

Herbert Feis Award

D. Michael Quinn (Independent Scholar, Salt Lake City, Utah) for Same-Sex Dynamics among Nineteenth-Century Americans: A Mormon Example (University of Illinois Press, 1996). This thoroughly documented study of same-sex interactions among 19th-century Mormons is a welcome addition to the growing literature on American attitudes toward homosexuality. Confirming for Mormons what has been claimed for other groups--that behaviors later proscribed were once tolerated--Quinn's bold and original book opens fresh vistas on the construction of sexuality in U.S. history. It also is a signal contribution to our understanding of the Mormon community.

Morris D. Forkosch Prize

Margaret R. Hunt (Amherst Coll.) for The Middling Sort: Commerce, Gender, and the Family in England, 1680–1780 (University of California Press, 1996). This important book presents a richly textured social history of the progenitors of a capitalist middle class in late 17th- and 18th-century England. Drawing on an impressive array of archival evidence and informed by a sophisticated appreciation of theoretical and historiographical concerns, Hunt traces the ways that gender, family, commerce, and morality were woven together in the lives of the "middling sort," creating a distinctive class identity. This is a work that manages to maintain intimate acquaintance with individual experience while addressing many of the larger questions that concern British social historians.

Leo Gershoy Award

Timothy Tackett (Univ. of California at Irvine) for Becoming a Revolutionary: The Deputies of the French National Assembly and the Emergence of a Revolutionary Culture (1789–1790) (Princeton University Press, 1996). Timothy Tackett's remarkable study challenges current understanding of the prior political experience and ideas of the Third Estate deputies in 1789. He casts doubt on the intellectual origins of their radicalism demonstrating that most of them arrived with traditional societal views, some anticlericalism, and few Enlightenment ideas. Most of the revolutionary proposals of that first year originated in the dynamic of the first six weeks—the ceremonial ordering by Estates, the procedural problems, the lack of royal leadership.

Joan Kelly Memorial Prize

Gail Hershatter (Merrill Coll., Univ. of California at Santa Cruz) for Dangerous Pleasures: Prostitution and Modernity in Twentieth-Century Shanghai (University of California Press, 1997). This study of prostitution in Shanghai illuminates not only the various ways the institution is constructed but also the social and political history of 20th-century China. Characterized by careful research, a comparative perspective, sophisticated methodology, and lively presentation, this book shows the complex interaction between those involved, those who wrote about, and those who regulated the sex trade. Hershatter raises issues that stimulate the thinking of historians no matter what their special fields.

Littleton-Griswold Prize

William J. Novak (Univ. of Chicago) for The People's Welfare: Law and Regulation in Nineteenth-Century America (University of North Carolina Press, 1996). William Novak's The People's WelfareThe People's Welfare marks a new epoch in the historiography of law in the 19th century.

Helen and Howard R. Marraro Prize

Carl Ipsen (Indiana Univ.) for Dictating Demography: The Problem of Population in Fascist Italy (Cambridge University Press, 1996). Carl Ipsen has written a careful and original study of attempts to promote pronatalism in Mussolini's Italy. In Dictating Demography he combines population theory, archival documentation, and policy pronouncements to show the ways by which government statistics in the interwar period inflected high politics and public opinion. Ipsen dissects both the data and the ideology behind the "battle" for the birth rate, and he ties the fertility decline debate to ruralism, racism, and colonization in a cogent and compelling account.

Wesley-Logan Prize

W. Jeffrey Bolster (Univ. of New Hampshire) for Black Jacks: African American Seamen in the Age of Sail (Harvard University Press, 1997). Diasporic in reach, Black Jacks provides fascinating insights into the range of contacts among people of African descent in the Americas. At the center of it all are black seamen. There are some memorable moments in this book, as when Bolster turns his gaze upon the black American seamen who were imprisoned in Dartmoor during the War of 1812.

Brenda Gayle Plummer (Univ. of Wisconsin at Madison) for Rising Wind: Black Americans and U.S. Foreign Affairs, 1935–1960 (University of North Carolina Press, 1996). A book of considerable scope, depth, breadth, and quality of research, thoughtful interpretations and clarity of writing, Rising Wind brings to diplomatic history innovative conceptualizations that go beyond the traditionally narrow framework to include the impact of nongovernmental people and organizations upon issues of foreign policy.

Note: By committee decision, the Eugene Asher Distinguished Teaching Award, established in 1986 to recognize outstanding teaching and advocacy for history teaching at two-year, four-year, and graduate colleges and universities, was not awarded in 1997.